Gatifloxacin is a fourth generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic and is freely soluble in pH 4 at 60 mg/mL.
| Mechanism of Action | Fluoroquinolone antibiotics target bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme which reduces DNA strain during replication. Because DNA gyrase is required during DNA replication, subsequent DNA synthesis and ultimately cell division is inhibited. |
| Spectrum | Gatifloxacin is a broad spectrum antibiotic targeting a wide variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria especially those which cause pneumonia and skin infections. |
| Impurity Profile | Impurity A| 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-hydroxy-7-(3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid; O-Desmethyl Gatifloxaci|616205-76-6|C18H20FN3O4|361.37| Impurity B| 1-Cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-8-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid; Difluoro Hydroxy Gatifloxacin|154093-72-8|C13H9F2NO4|281.21| Impurity C| 1-Cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid; Difluoro Methoxy Gatifloxacin||C14H11F2NO4|295.24| Impurity D| 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid; 3-Desmethyl Gatifloxacin|112811-57-1|C18H20FN3O4|361.37| Impurity E| 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid; Gatifloxacin 2-Methyl Isomer|1029364-65-5|C19H22FN3O4|375.39| |
| Microbiology Applications | Gatifloxacin is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against gram positive and gram negative microbial isolates. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options for infected patients. Representative MIC values include:
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| Molecular Formula | C19H22FN3O4 • 1.5H2O |
| References | Wolfson, John S., and David C. Hooper. "The Fluoroquinolones: Structures, Mechanisms of Action and Resistance, and Spectra of Activity in Vitro." American Society for Microbiology 4th ser. 28 (1985): 581-86. |
| MIC | Bacillus cereus| 0.085|| Bacillus spp.| ≤1|| Bacteroides distasonis| 0.25 － 2|| Bacteroides fragilis| 0.25 － >16|| Bacteroides ovatus| 1 － 16|| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron| 1 － >16|| Bacteroides uniformis| 1 － 2|| Bacteroides vulgatus| 0.25 － 16|| Bifidobacterium spp.| 0.25 － 2|| Brucella melitensis| 1 － 2|| Burkholderia cepacia| 0.12 － >16|| Campylobacter coli| 0.015 － 32|| Campylobacter jejuni| 0.015 － 32|| Chlamydophila pneumonia| 0.12|| Citrobacter amalonaticus| ≤0.03 － >4|| Citrobacter braakii| ≤0.03 － >4|| Citrobacter diversus| 0.015 － >4|| Citrobacter farmeri| ≤0.03 － >4|| Citrobacter freundii| 0.015 － >64|| Citrobacter koseri| 0.008 － >8|| Citrobacter spp.| ≤0.03 － >4|| Clostridium bifermentans| 0.25 － 2|| Clostridium cadaveris| 0.25 － 2|| Clostridium difficile| 0.5 － 64|| Clostridium histolyticum | 0.25 － 2|| Clostridium paraputrificum| 0.25 － 2|| Clostridium perfringens| 0.25 － 1|| Clostridium ramosum| 0.25 － 2|| Clostridium sordellii| 0.25 － 2|| Clostridium spp.| 0.125 － 2|| Clostridium tertium| 0.25 － 2|| Corynebacterium| <1|| Corynebacterium jeikeium| 0.125 － 0.5|| Corynebacterium spp.| 0.03 － 32|| Enterobacter aerogenes| 0.015 － 32|| Enterobacter amnigenus| ≤0.03 － >4|| Enterobacter asburiae| ≤0.03 － >4|| Enterobacter cancerogenus| ≤0.03 － >4|| Enterobacter cloacae| <0.008 － >16|| Enterobacter gergoviae| ≤0.03 － >4|| Enterobacter hormaechei| ≤0.03 － >4|| Enterobacter intermedius| 0.03 － >4|| Enterobacter sakazakii| ≤0.03 － >4|| Enterobacter spp.| ≤0.03 － 8|| Enterobacter taylorae| ≤0.03 － >4|| Enterococcus casseliflavus| 0.25 － 1|| Enterococcus faecalis| 0.12 － >32|| Enterococcus faecium| 0.06 － ≥64|| Enterococcus gallinarum| 0.25 － 32|| Enterococcus spp.| 0.5 － >4|| Escherichia coli| 0.002 － 32|| Eubacterium spp.| 0.25 － 0.5|| Fusobacterium mortiferum| 0.25 － 1|| Fusobacterium necrophorum| 0.5|| Fusobacterium nucleatum| 0.25 － 1|| Fusobacterium spp.| 0.015 － >16|| Fusobacterium varium| 2 － >16|| Haemophilus influenzae| ≤0.004 － 0.25|| Haemophilus spp.| 0.064 - 2|| Klebsiella ornithinolytica| ≤0.03 － >4|| Klebsiella oxytoca| 0.015 － 8|| Klebsiella ozaenae| ≤0.03 － >4|| Klebsiella pneumonia| 0.008 － >16|| Klebsiella spp.| ≤0.03 － >4|| Klebsiella terrigena| ≤0.03 － >4|| Lactobacillus spp.| 0.25 － 8|| Legionella pneumophila| ≤0.001 － 0.06|| Listeria monocytogenes| 0.5 － 1|| Moraxella catarrhalis| 0.008 － >4|| Moraxella sp.| 0.032|| Morganella morganii| 0.015 － 32|| Mycobacterium abscessus| 2 － >32|| Mycobacterium avium| 3.13 - 6.25|| Mycobacterium chelonae| ≤0.12 － >16|| Mycobacterium chelonae| ≤0.12|| Mycobacterium fortuitum| ≤0.12 － 0.5|| Mycobacterium goodii | ≤0.12|| Mycobacterium intracellulare| 6.25 - 12.5|| Mycobacterium marinum| <0.016 - 8|| Mycobacterium mucogenicum| ≤0.12 － 0.5|| Mycobacterium peregrinum| ≤0.12|| Mycobacterium smegmatis| ≤0.12|| Mycobacterium tuberculosis| <0.008 － 3.13|| Mycobacterium wolinskyi| ≤0.12|| Mycoplasma fermentans| ≤0.008 － 0.25|| Mycoplasma genitalium| 0.12|| Mycoplasma hominis| 0.06 － 0.25|| Mycoplasma penetrans| 0.06|| Mycoplasma pneumonia| 0.016 － 0.25|| Neisseria meningitidis| <0.008 － 0.015|| Neisseria spp.| ≤0.001 － 0.125|| Pantoea agglomerans| <0.008 － 0.12|| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius| 0.125 － 16|| Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus| 0.125 － 16|| Peptostreptococcus magnus| 0.125 － 16|| Peptostreptococcus micros| 0.125 － 16|| Peptostreptococcus prevotii| 0.125 － 16|| Peptostreptococcus spp.| 0.06 － 16|| Peptostreptococcus tetradius| 0.125 － 16|| Porphyromonas asaccharolytica| 0.06 － 2|| Porphyromonas gingivalis| 0.06 － 2|| Porphyromonas spp.| 0.06 － 8|| Prevotella bivia| 2 － 8|| Prevotella buccae| 0.06 － 2|| Prevotella corporis | 0.06 － 2|| Prevotella disiens| 0.06 － 2|| Prevotella intermedia| 0.25 － 2|| Prevotella loescheii| 0.06 － 2|| Prevotella melaninogenica| 0.5 － 8|| Prevotella oralis (group)| 0.06 － 2|| Prevotella oris| 0.06 － 2|| Prevotella spp.| 0.06 － >16|| Propionibacterium acnes| 0.125 － 0.5|| Proteae spp. (indole-positive)| ≤0.03 － >4|| Proteus| 0.03 － 2|| Proteus mirabilis| ≤0.03 － >16|| Proteus spp.| 0.25 - ≤1|| Proteus vulgaris| 0.06 － 16|| Providencia alcalifaciens| 0.12 － >16|| Providencia rettgeri| 0.12 － >16|| Providencia stuartii| 0.12 － >16|| Pseudomonas aeruginosa| ≤0.03 － 64|| Salmonella| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella agona| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella arizonae| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella bareilly| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella enterica| <0.008 － 8|| Salmonella enteritidis| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella hadar| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella heidelberg| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella infantis| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella litchfield| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella Montevideo| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella muenchen| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella Newport| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella panama| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella Paratyphi| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella schwarzengrund| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella spp.| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella stanley| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella stpaul| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella thompson| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella typhi| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella typhimurium| <0.008 － 8|| Salmonella virchow| ≤0.03 － 2|| Salmonella/Shigella spp.| 0.015 － 0.06|| Serratia fonticola| ≤0.03 － >4|| Serratia liquefaciens| 0.015 － >4|| Serratia marcescens| 0.015 － >16|| Serratia odorifera| ≤0.03 － >4|| Serratia plymuthica| ≤0.03 － >4|| Serratia rubidaea| ≤0.03 － >4|| Serratia spp.| ≤0.03 － >4|| Shigella boydii| <0.008 － 0.5|| Shigella dysenteriae| ≤0.03 － 0.5|| Shigella flexneri| <0.008 － 0.5|| Shigella sonnei| <0.008 － 0.5|| Shigella spp.| ≤0.03 － 0.5|| Staphylococci| ≤0.03 － 64|| Staphylococcus aureus| 0.016 - >128|| Staphylococcus auricularis| ≤0.03 － >16|| Staphylococcus capitis| ≤0.03 － >16|| Staphylococcus caprae| ≤0.03 － >4|| Staphylococcus chromogenes | 0.03 － >16|| Staphylococcus cohnii | ≤0.03 － >16|| Staphylococcus epidermidis| 0.015 － 16|| Staphylococcus equorum | 0.03 － >16|| Staphylococcus haemolyticus| ≤0.03 － 16|| Staphylococcus hominis| ≤0.03 － >16|| Staphylococcus intermedius| ≤0.03 － >4|| Staphylococcus lugdunensis| ≤0.03 － 8|| Staphylococcus pneumonia| 0.5|| Staphylococcus saprophyticus| ≤0.03 － >4|| Staphylococcus sciuri (coagulase-negative + oxacillin-susceptible)| ≤0.03 － >4|| Staphylococcus simulans (coagulase-negative + oxacillin-susceptible)| ≤0.03 － >4|| Staphylococcus spp. (coagulase-negative + oxacillin-susceptible)| ≤0.03 － >4|| Staphylococcus warneri| ≤0.03 － >16|| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia| 0.03 － 16|| Streptococci | 0.06 － 4|| Streptococcus agalactiae| 0.12 － 2|| Streptococcus anginosus| 0.03 － 8|| Streptococcus bovis| 0.03 － 8|| Streptococcus constellatus| 0.03 － 8|| Streptococcus intermedius| 0.03 － 8|| Streptococcus milleri| 0.06 － 0.5|| Streptococcus mitis| 0.03 － 8|| Streptococcus oralis| 0.03 － 8|| Streptococcus pneumonia| ≤0.03 － >32|| |