Doxycycline Hyclate is a broad-spectrum tetracycline targeting bacteria responsible for respiratory infections. It is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, an inhibitor of mitochondrial biogenesis, and it has been shown to have anti-cancer properties. Doxycycline Hyclate is soluble in aqueous solution.
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| Mechanism of Action | Tetracycline antimicrobials bind to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit interfering with tRNA/mRNA interaction, ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis. Tetracyclines can inhibit the MMP enzyme family and inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis. |
| Spectrum | Doxycycline Hyclate has broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and Mycoplasma (ie. M. pneumoniae). Certain β-lactam resistant strains of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus are also inhibited. |
| Microbiology Applications | Doxycycline Hyclate is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and certain Mycoplasma species. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options. Representative MIC values include:
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| Eukaryotic Cell Culture Applications | Doxycycline Hyclate is routinely used for gene selection. For additional information on your cell culture needs, please visit our cell-culture database. Doxycycline is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Using a series of in vitro assays that mimic steps in vascular remodeling, researchers found Doxyclline increased smooth muscle cell adhesion to the substrate. It also inhibited collagen gel remodeling. These properties make it potentially useful in vascular disease like atherosclerosis, restenosis, and transplant arteriopathy (Franco et al, 2006). |
| Cancer Applications | Using 12 different human tumor cell lines represetnting 8 different cancer types (DCIS, breast, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, glioblastoma, and melanoma), authors found that Doxyclycline inhibited cancer stem cell propagation across this entire panel of cell lines (Lamb et al, 2015). Doxycycline can eradicate cancer stem cells in breast cancer patients in vivo. Authors found a quantitative decease in CD44 and ALDH1 expression, biomarkers of ‘stemness’. This is promising work in using cancer stem cells for cancer prevention, and is an excellent candidate for drug repurposing (Scatena C et al, 2018). |
| Molecular Formula | C22H24N2O8 · HCl · 0.5H2O · 0.5C2H6O |
| Impurities | Methacycline: Not more than 2.0% 6-epidoxycycline: Not more than 2.0% Other impurities: Not more than 0.5% |
| References |
Catena C et al (2018) Doxycycline, an inhibitor of mitochondrial biogenesis, effectively reduces cancer stem cells (CSCs) in early breast cancer patients: A clinical pilot study. Front. Oncol. 8:452 PMID 30364293 Franco et al (2006) Doxycycline alters vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion, migration, and reorganization of fibrillar collagen matrices. Am. J. Pathol 168(5):1697-1709 PMID 16651635 Lamb R et al (2015) Antibiotics that target mitochondria effectively eradicate cancer stem cells, across multiple tumor types: Treating cancer like an infectious disease. Oncotarget. 6(7):4569-4584 Rose et al used Doxycycline (TOKU-E) was used by in methacrylate-based copolymer films and studied their effects on biofilm formation in: Prevention of biofilm formation by methacrylate-based copolymer films loaded with rifampin, clarithromycin, Doxycycline alone or in combination. |
| MIC | Aeromonas spp.| 4|| Bacillus cereus| 1.953 － 15.6|| Bacteroides merdae| 0.032 － 16|| Bacteroides ovatus| 0.032 － 16|| Bifidobacterium adolescentis| 0.032 － 16|| Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis| 31.25|| Bifidobacterium sp.| 0.032 － 16|| Bordetella bronchiseptica| 0.039 - 0.053|| Borrelia afzelii| 0.125 － 0.25|| Borrelia bissettii| 0.25|| Borrelia burgdorferi| 0.06 － 2|| Borrelia garinii| 0.125 － 0.5|| Borrelia valaisiana| 0.125|| Brachyspira hyodysenteriae| 1.25|| Branhamella catarrhalis| 0.008 － 0.03|| Brevibacterium spp.| 0.12 － 2|| Brucella melitensis| 0.12 － 8|| Burkholderia cepacia| 1 － >16|| Burkholderia mallei| 0.5 - 1|| Campylobacter coli| 0.06 － 128|| Campylobacter gracilis| 2|| Campylobacter jejuni| 0.06 － 128|| Campylobacter rectus| 0.5|| Campylobacter showae| 0.5|| Campylobacter spp.| 64|| Capnocytophaga gingivalis| 0.5|| Capnocytophaga ochracea | 0.5|| Capnocytophaga spp.| 0.064 － >32|| Capnocytophaga sputigena| 0.5|| Chlamydia pneumonia| 0.03 － 0.25|| Chlamydia psittaci| 0.03|| Citrobacter freundii| 7.5|| Clostridium spiroforme| 0.06 － 16|| Corynebacterium afermentans| 0.12 － 2|| Corynebacterium amycolatum| 0.12 － 16|| Corynebacterium jeikeium| 0.12 － 2|| Corynebacterium matruchotii| 0.5|| Corynebacterium minutissimum| 0.06 － 0.5|| Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum| 0.12 － 0.25|| Corynebacterium striatum| 0.25 － 32|| Corynebacterium urealyticum| 0.25 － 32|| Coryneform| 0.12 － 2|| Diplococcus pneumoniae| 0.005 － 0.1|| Edwardsiella hoshinae | 0.25 － 1|| Edwardsiella ictaluri | 0.06 － 0.5|| Edwardsiella tarda| 0.25 － ≥128|| Eikenella corrodens| 1|| Enterobacter aerogenes| 0.12 － >32|| Enterobacter cloacae| 0.06 － >32|| Enterobacteriaceae| 1 － 128|| Enterococcus avium| 0.25 － 32|| Enterococcus casseliflavus| 0.12 － 0.25|| Enterococcus faecalis| 0.064 － >256|| Enterococcus faecium| ≤0.06 － 64|| Enterococcus gallinarum| 0.12 － 16|| Enterococcus raffinosus| 0.12 － 16|| Enterococcus spp. | >4|| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae| 0.5|| Escherichia coli| 0.064 － 1024|| Eubacterium saburreum| 0.5|| Eubacterium sulci | 0.5|| Finegoldia magna| 0.75 － 24|| Fusobacterium nucleatum| 0.032 － 16|| Fusobacterium periodonticum| 0.5|| Fusobacterium spp.| 0.032 － 16|| Gardnerella vaginalis| 0.125 － 32|| Gardnerella vaginalis| 0.5|| Gemella morbillorum| 0.064 － >32|| Gemella morbillorum| 0.5|| Haemophilus influenzae| 0.064 － >32|| Haemophilus parainfluenzae| 0.064 － >32|| Haemophilus parasuis| 2.4 － 155|| Haemophilus spp.| 0.03 － 128|| Hemolytic streptococci| 0.064 － >256|| JK diphtheroids| 0.25 － 8|| Klebsiella pneumonia| 0.25 － >32|| Lactobacillus plantarum| 0.448|| Lactobacillus spp.| 0.12 － 8|| Legionella spp.| 1 － 8|| Leptotrichia buccalis (ATCC 14201)| 0.5|| Leuconostoc spp.| 1 － 4|| Listeria monocytogenes| 0.12 － 0.25|| Listeria spp.| 0.06 － 0.25|| Moraxella catarrhalis| 0.064 － >32|| Morganella morganii| 0.25 － >16|| Mycobacterium abscessus| >128|| Mycobacterium avium complex| 8 － >128|| Mycobacterium chelonae| ≤0.25 － >128|| Mycobacterium fortuitum| ≤0.25 － >128|| Mycobacterium kansasii| 4 － 32|| Mycobacterium lentiflavum| 2 － >128|| Mycobacterium marinum| 0.5 － 16|| Mycobacterium peregrinum| <0.25 － 128|| Mycoplasma fermentans| ≤0.008 － 1|| Mycoplasma gallisepticum| 0.006 － 0.2|| Mycoplasma genitalium| ≤0.015 － 0.12|| Mycoplasma hominis| ≤0.008 － 32|| Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae| 0.03 － 46.1|| Mycoplasma hyorhinis| 0.35 － 46.1|| Mycoplasma penetrans| 0.12 － 0.25|| Mycoplasma pneumonia| 0.016 － 2|| Mycoplasma synoviae | 0.0125 － 0.78|| Neisseria cinerea| 0.5 － >256|| Neisseria elongata | 0.5 － >256|| Neisseria gonorrhoeae| 0.06 － 4|| Neisseria mucosa| 0.5|| Neisseria sicca| 0.25 － >256|| Nocardia asteroides| 3.1 － 50|| Oerskovia spp.| 0.12 － 2|| Parvimonas micra| 0.047 － 4|| Pasteurella multocida| 0.106 － 1240|| Pediococcus spp.| 2 － 8|| Peptoniphilus gorbachii | 0.064 － 0.38|| Peptoniphilus harei | 0.064 － 24|| Peptoniphilus ivorii | 0.064 － 16|| Peptoniphilus lacrimalis | 0.125 － 4|| Peptoniphilus octavius | 0.19|| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius| 0.5 － 4|| Peptostreptococcus micros| 0.5|| Plesiomonas shigelloides| 4|| Pneumococci | <0.06 － 32|| Porphyromonas endodontalis | 0.032 － 16|| Porphyromonas gingivalis| 0.5|| Prevotella buccae| 0.032 － 16|| Prevotella denticola| 0.032 － 16|| Prevotella intermedia| 0.032 － 4|| Prevotella loescheii| 0.032 － 16|| Prevotella melaninogenica| 0.032 － 16|| Prevotella nigrescens| 0.5|| Prevotella oralis| 0.032 － 8|| Prevotella oris| 0.032 － 16|| Prevotella spp.| 0.032 － 16|| Propionibacterium acnes| 0.5|| Propionibacterium sp. | 0.032 － 16|| Proteus mirabilis| 0.25 － 250|| Proteus rettgeri| 0.25 － >16|| Pseudomonas aeruginosa| 0.5 - 62.5|| Pseudomonas pseudomallei| 0.8 － 3.1|| Pseudomonas stutzeri| 31.25|| Rhodococcus equi| 0.12 － >4|| Rothia dentocariosa| 0.064 － >32|| Rothia mucilaginosa| 0.064 － >32|| Ruminococcus gnavus| 0.25|| Salmonella enterica| 15.625|| Salmonella choleraesuis| 4|| Salmonella spp.| 128|| Salmonella typhimurium| 4|| Sarcina lutea| <0.448|| Selenomonas noxia| 0.5|| Serratia marcescens| 0.25 － >16|| Shigella boydii| 15.6|| Shigella spp.| 128|| Staphylococci| 0.06 － 128|| Staphylococcus aureus| 0.06 － >32|| Staphylococcus epidermidis| 0.064 － >32|| Staphylococcus intermedius| 2|| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia| ≤0.12 － 64|| Streptococci| 0.02 － 32|| Streptococcus acidominimus | 0.032 － 16|| Streptococcus agalactiae| 0.125 － 32|| Streptococcus anginosus| 0.064 － >256|| Streptococcus bovis| 0.03 － 16|| Streptococcus constellatus| 0.064 － >256|| Streptococcus gordonii| 0.5|| Streptococcus intermedius| 0.064 － >256|| Streptococcus mitis| 0.125 － >128|| Streptococcus mutans| 7.8|| Streptococcus oralis| 0.125 － >128|| Streptococcus ovis | 0.032 － 16|| Streptococcus parasanguinis | 0.032 － 16|| Streptococcus pluranimalium | 0.032 － 16|| Streptococcus pneumonia| 0.06 － 32|| Streptococcus pyogenes| 0.06 － 16|| Streptococcus salivarius| 0.032 － 16|| Streptococcus sanguinis| 0.032 － 16|| Streptococcus sobrinus| 0.032 － 16|| Streptococcus spp.| 0.03 － 16|| Streptococcus suis| 4.8 － 38.8|| Streptococcus thoraltensis | 0.032 － 16|| Tannerella forsythia| 0.5|| Turicella otitidis| 0.12 － 2|| Ureaplasma spp.| 0.016 － 32|| Ureaplasma urealyticum| 0.06 － >32|| Veillonella parvula| 1|| |
