SKU: A008  / 
    CAS Number: 1397-89-3 (Amphotericin B)

    Amphotericin B, Solubilized

    $104.00 - $367.00

    Amphotericin B, Solubilized is a polyene macrolide aminoglycoside broad-spectrum antimycotic.  This bioactive natural product was isolated from soil collected from Orinoco River (Venezuela) in 1955 and identified as Streptomyces nodosus by Squibb Institute for Medical Research.  It is used to control contamination from fungi, viruses and protozoa and a common media selective agent to inhibit the growth of background fungi.  It also has immunomodulatory properties.  The product is formulated with sodium deoxycholate to maximize the solubility.

    In the face of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) DSR-052-04 includes the addition of Amphotericin B to viral transport media for SARS-CoV2 samples.

    We also offer:

      • Amphotericin B, USP (A007)
      • Amphotericin B, EP (A064)
    Mechanism of Action Amphotericin B associates with membrane sterols (ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, and cholesterol in mammalian cell membranes). Amphotericin B forms a pore in these membranes resulting in leakage of essential ions and ultimately cell death.

    Acquired resistance is very low, but is achieved indifferent ways.  Some studies with biofilms have found it is due to decrease in ergosterol content and changes in the cell wall.   

    Amphotericin B can modulates the immune system.  It also induces the accumulation of nitric oxide and ROIs.

    Spectrum Amphotericin B is active against mammalian cells, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Amphotericin B is not toxic to bacteria or viruses due to their lack of sterols.
    Microbiology Applications

    Amphotericin B is used as an antimycotic selective agent in several routinely used selective media formulations to inhibit the growth of background fungal growth.

    According to the CDC SOP (DSR-052-04) for Viral Transport Medium (VTM), Amphotericin B is used at a final concentration of 0.5 µg/ml.  Stock solution concentration is 250 µg/ml.

    While the toxicity of Amphotericin B in mammalian cells is associated with an increase in intracellular calcium, in Candida albicans, it is not dependent on increased movement of calcium across the cell membrane or the presence of extracellular calcium (Rogers et al, 2003).

    The isolation of influenza A and B viruses can be dramatically enhanced by adding Amphotericin B to the culture medium. It promotes viral uptake and endocytic processing of the virus particles (Roethl E et al (2011).

    The following represents MIC susceptibility data for Amphotericin B against common fungal pathogens:

    • Candida albicans - 0.001 - 321 μg/ml
    • Candida krusei - 0.001 - 16 μg/ml
    • Coccidioides immitis - 0.0625 - 2 μg/ml
    • Cryptococcus neoformans - 0.2 - 39 μg/ml
    • Fusarium oxysporum - 0.75 - 125 μg/ml
    Plant Biology Applications Amphotericin B can be used to inhibit phytopathogenic fungi in vitro
    Eukaryotic Cell Culture Applications Amphotericin B can be used in eukaryotic cell culture to control or prevent contamination from fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Amphotericin B can be toxic to cell lines at high concentrations and should not be used at concentrations greater than 2.50 µg/mL. Amphotericin B has been used in vitro to inhibit the generation of the scrapie isoform of the prion protein when studying transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (Mangé et al 2000).

    Amphotericin B stimulates transcription and production of multiple mediators of the immune system (such as cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins) and ICAM-1 in murine and human cells (Arango et al, 2012).

    Molecular Formula C47H73NO17 (Amphotericin B)
    References

    Arango AC, Scorzoni L and Zaragoza O (2012) It only takes one to do many jobs: Amphotericin B as antifungal and immunomodulatory drug. Front. Microbiol. 3:286  PMID 23024638

    Brajtburg, J, Powderly WG, Kobayashi GS, and Medoff G. (1990) Amphotericin B: Current understanding of mechanisms of action. Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother. 34 (2):183-88. PMID 2183713

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. DSR-052-02: Preparation of viral transport medium.  Link to SOP.

    Mangé A et al. (2000) Amphotericin B inhibits the generation of the scrapie isoform of the prion protein in infected cultures. J. Virol. 74(7):3135-3140 PMID 10708429

    Martin KW, Mattick KL, Harrison M, Humphrey TJ. Evaluation of selective media for Campylobacter isolation when cycloheximide is replaced with amphotericin B. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2002;34(2):124-129 PMID 11849508

    Perez-de-Luque A et al. (2012) Effect of Amphotericin B nanodisks on plant fungal diseases. Pest Manag. Sci. 68(1):67-74. PMID 21710554

    Rice, LB, and Ghannoum MA (1999). Antifungal Agents: Mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, and correlation of these mechanisms with bacterial resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12(4):501-517 PMID 10515900

    Radomski N, Cambau E, Moulin L, Haenn S, Moilleron R, and Lucas FS (2010) Comparison of culture methods for isolation of nontuberculous Mycobacteria from surfacewaters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 76(11):3514-3520 PMID 20363776

    Roethl E et al (2011) Antimycotic-Antibiotic Amphotericin B promotes influenza virus replication in cell culture. J. Virol. 85(21):11139-11145  PMID 21849438

    Rogers PD, Kramer RE, Crews JK, Lewis RE (2003)  The activity of Amphotericin B against Candida albicans is not directly associated with extracellular calcium concentration. J Antimicrob. Chemother. 51(2):305-312 

    Schaffner CP et al (1986) Anti-viral activity of Amphotericin B methyl ester: inhibition of HTLV-III replication in cell culture. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35(22):4110-4113 PMID 3640625

    Sokol-Anderson ML, Braitburg J, Medoff G (1986) Amphotericin B-induced oxidative damage and killing of Candida albicans. J. Infect. Dis. 154(1):76-83 PMID 3519792