Penicillin G, EvoPure® (syn: benzylpenicillin), is a natural product and β-lactam antibiotic derived from Penicillium spp. Penicillin was the first antibiotics to be discovered by Dr. Alexander Fleming at St. Mary's Medical School in London in 1928. In acid aqueous environments, Pencillin decomposes into penicillic acid and peniloic acid. Penicillin G contains a 6'-phenylacetyl side chain. The compound can be used to study penicillin-binding protein 2.
Penicillin G, EvoPure® is sparingly soluble in aqueous solution.
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Mechanism of Action | Beta-lactams interfere with PBP (penicillin binding protein) activity involved in the final phase of peptidoglycan synthesis. PBPs are enzymes which catalyze a pentaglycine crosslink between alanine and lysine residues providing additional strength to the cell wall. Without a pentaglycine crosslink, the integrity of the cell wall is severely compromised and ultimately leads to cell lysis and death. Resistance to beta-lactams is commonly due to cells containing plasmid encoded beta-lactamases. |
Spectrum | Penicillin is targets primarily Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species |
Microbiology Applications | Penicillin is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against Gram-positive microbial isolates. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options. Representative MIC values include:
Mycoplasma Media SupplementsPenicillin can be used as a selective agent in several types of isolation media: Mycoplasma Agar - Mycoplasma Supplement G Mycoplasma Agar - Mycoplasma Supplement P |
Molecular Formula | C16H18N2O4S |
References |
Guzmán F (2012) Beta lactams antibiotics (penicillins and Cephalosporins) mechanism of Action. Medical Pharmacology. Pitout JD, Sanders CC, Sanders WE Jr (1997) Antimicrobial resistance with focus on beta-lactam resistance in gram-negative bacilli. Am. J. Med. 103:51 |
MIC | Bacillus cereus| 100 ï¼ ?| 884| Bacillus circulans| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Bacillus pumilus (ATCC 14884)| 1 ï¼ ?| 1183| Bacillus pumilus (MTCC 2296)| 300 ï¼ ?| 922| Bacillus spp.| â¤0.06 ï¼ >8| 462| Bacillus spp.| <0.015 ï¼ 32| 6| Bacillus spp.| ? ï¼ ?| 126| Bacillus subtilis| 25 ï¼ ?| 208| Bacillus subtilis| 25 ï¼ ?| 208| Bacillus subtilis| 32 ï¼ ?| 164| Bacillus subtilis| 412 ï¼ ?| 1183| Bacillus subtilis| 412 ï¼ ?| 1183| Bacillus subtilis (327 + Broth microdilution)| 32 ï¼ ?| 892| Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633)| 1.562 ï¼ ?| 1500| Bacteroides caccae| 16 ï¼ >128| 1475| Bacteroides capillosus| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Bacteroides distasonis| 2 ï¼ >128| 248| Bacteroides fragilis| 2 ï¼ >128| 248| Bacteroides fragilis| 0.5 ï¼ 32| 1279| Bacteroides fragilis| 2 ï¼ >128| 1475| Bacteroides fragilis| 4 ï¼ 128| 401| Bacteroides fragilis (ATCC 25285)| >8 ï¼ ?| 650| Bacteroides fragilis (BF-1363 + clindamycin-resistant)| 8 ï¼ ?| 248| Bacteroides fragilis (group)| <=0.25 ï¼ >=512| 1453| Bacteroides fragilis (group)| <=0.03 ï¼ >128| 1475| Bacteroides fragilis (NCTC 9343)| 16 ï¼ ?| 401| Bacteroides merdae| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Bacteroides ovatus| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Bacteroides tectum| <=0.015 ï¼ 32| 1460| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron| 2 ï¼ >128| 248| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron| 16 ï¼ >128| 1475| Bacteroides uniformis| 8 ï¼ >128| 1475| Bacteroides ureolyticus| <=0.015 ï¼ 1| 1460| Bacteroides ureolyticus| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Bacteroides vulgatus| 2 ï¼ >128| 248| Bacteroides vulgatus| <=0.03 ï¼ >128| 1475| Bacteroides xylanisolvens| 4 ï¼ ?| 1454| Bifidobacterium adolescentis| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 490| Bifidobacterium adolescentis| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Bifidobacterium adolescentis (ATCC 15704)| <0.98 ï¼ ?| 74| Bifidobacterium animalis (ATCC 27536)| <0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium bifidum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 490| Bifidobacterium bifidum (ATCC 15696)| <0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bb12)| <0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium breve| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 490| Bifidobacterium breve| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Bifidobacterium breve (ATCC 15700)| <0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium catenulatum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 490| Bifidobacterium dentium| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 490| Bifidobacterium Infantis (ATCC 15697)| 0.98 ï¼ 1.95| 741| Bifidobacterium longum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 490| Bifidobacterium longum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Bifidobacterium longum (ATCC 15707)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium longum (ATCC 15708)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium longum (RBL9)| 0.98 ï¼ <1.95| 741| Bifidobacterium pseudolongum (ATCC 25526)| <0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium sp.| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Bifidobacterium sp. (RBL67)| 1.95 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium sp. (RBL68)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium sp. (RBL69)| <0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium sp. (RBL70)| 3.9 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium sp. (RBL75)| <0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium sp. (RBL76)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bifidobacterium thermophilum (ATCC 25866)| <0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Bordetella bronchiseptica (NCIM 2267)| 80 ï¼ ?| 922| Borrelia afzelii (EB1)| 1 ï¼ ?| 402| Borrelia afzelii (FEM1)| 1 ï¼ ?| 402| Borrelia afzelii (PKo)| 0.5 ï¼ ?| 402| Borrelia bissettii (25015)| 0.125 ï¼ ?| 402| Borrelia burgdorferi| 0.015 ï¼ 2| 402| Borrelia burgdorferi (Sensu stricto + B31)| 0.125 ï¼ ?| 402| Borrelia burgdorferi (Sensu stricto + LW2)| 0.25 ï¼ ?| 402| Borrelia burgdorferi (Sensu stricto + PKa-I)| 0.125 ï¼ ?| 402| Borrelia burgdorferi S.L.| 0.03 ï¼ 8| 1129| Borrelia garinii (G1)| 0.015 ï¼ ?| 402| Borrelia garinii (PSth)| 0.03 ï¼ ?| 402| Borrelia garinii (PTrob)| 0.03 ï¼ ?| 402| Borrelia valaisiana (VS116)| 0.25 ï¼ ?| 402| Brevibacterium casei| 0.12 ï¼ 4| 965| Brevibacterium spp.| 0.03 ï¼ >128| 488| Brucella| 0.25 ï¼ 8| 1388| Brucella suis (ATCC 27531)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 741| Campylobacter concisus| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Campylobacter gracilis| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Campylobacter mucosalis| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Campylobacter rectus| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Campylobacter showae| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Campylobacter sputorum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Candida albicans (54 + Broth microdilution)| >128 ï¼ ?| 892| Capnocytophaga ochracea| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Capnocytophaga spp.| 0.004 ï¼ 32| 1544| Cellulomonas biazotea| 1 ï¼ ?| 827| Cellulomonas cellasea| 0.06 ï¼ ?| 827| Cellulomonas fermentans| 0.125 ï¼ ?| 827| Cellulomonas fimi| 0.06 ï¼ ?| 827| Cellulomonas flavigena| 0.125 ï¼ ?| 827| Cellulomonas gelida| 0.125 ï¼ ?| 827| Cellulomonas hominis (CDC A-3 + CE39)| 1 ï¼ ?| 827| Cellulomonas hominis (CDC A-3 + CE40)| 2 ï¼ ?| 827| Cellulomonas uda| 0.125 ï¼ ?| 827| Chlamydia pneumonia (CV-3)| >500 ï¼ ?| 292| Chlamydia pneumonia (CV-4)| >500 ï¼ ?| 292| Chlamydia pneumonia (CV-5)| >500 ï¼ ?| 292| Chlamydia pneumonia (CV-6)| >500 ï¼ ?| 292| Chlamydia pneumonia (CWL)| >500 ï¼ ?| 292| Chlamydia pneumonia (MUL-1)| >500 ï¼ ?| 292| Citrobacter freundii| 1024 ï¼ ?| 1329| Citrobacter freundii (NCIM 2488)| >1000 ï¼ ?| 922| Clostridium aminovalericum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium baratii| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium bifermentans| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 490| Clostridium bifermentans| 0.02 ï¼ 0.5| 29| Clostridium butyricum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium butyricum| 0.02 ï¼ 0.5| 29| Clostridium butyricum| <=0.03 ï¼ 32| 1475| Clostridium cadaveris| 0.02 ï¼ 0.5| 29| Clostridium cadaveris| 0.06 ï¼ 1| 490| Clostridium clostridioforme| <=0.03 ï¼ 32| 1475| Clostridium clostridioforme| 0.25 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium clostridioforme| 0.25 ï¼ >32| 29| Clostridium clostridioforme| 0.5 ï¼ >32| 1460| Clostridium cochlearium| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium cochlearium| 0.05 ï¼ 0.5| 29| Clostridium difficile| 0.5 ï¼ 4| 1279| Clostridium difficile| 0.265 ï¼ ?| 248| Clostridium fallax| 0.02 ï¼ 0.5| 29| Clostridium glycolicum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium glycolicum| 0.02 ï¼ 0.5| 29| Clostridium innocuum| 0.125 ï¼ 0.5| 490| Clostridium innocuum| 0.25 ï¼ 1| 29| Clostridium innocuum| 0.25 ï¼ >32| 1460| Clostridium leptum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium novyi| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium novyi (A)| 0.02 ï¼ 0.5| 29| Clostridium oroticum| 0.02 ï¼ 0.5| 29| Clostridium paraputrificum| 0.02 ï¼ 0.5| 29| Clostridium paraputrificum| 0.06 ï¼ 2| 490| Clostridium perfringens| <=0.03 ï¼ 0.12| 1475| Clostridium perfringens| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.125| 490| Clostridium perfringens| 0.02 ï¼ 0.125| 29| Clostridium perfringens| 0.108 ï¼ ?| 248| Clostridium perfringens (ATCC 13124)| 0.063 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium ramosum| 0.06 ï¼ 1| 1460| Clostridium ramosum| 0.02 ï¼ 1| 29| Clostridium ramosum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Clostridium ramosum| <=0.03 ï¼ 32| 1475| Clostridium ramosum| 0.265 ï¼ ?| 248| Clostridium septicum| <=0.03 ï¼ 32| 1475| Clostridium sordellii| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 490| Clostridium sphenoides| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium spiroforme (A7)| 0.25 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium spiroforme (A8)| 0.25 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium spiroforme (B61)| 0.25 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium spiroforme (BA 1)| 0.5 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium spiroforme (C121)| 0.125 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium spiroforme (CED 1)| 1 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium spiroforme (D11)| 1 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium spiroforme (D13)| 0.25 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium spiroforme (D14)| 0.5 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium spiroforme (NCTC 11493)| 0.5 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium spiroforme (RPO 980)| 1 ï¼ ?| 650| Clostridium sporogenes| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium sporogenes| <=0.03 ï¼ 32| 1475| Clostridium subterminale| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium symbiosum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Clostridium tertium| 0.06 ï¼ 2| 490| Collinsella aerofaciens| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 818| Collinsella aerofaciens| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Corynebacterium (CDC group G)| â¤0.03 ï¼ >=32| 965| Corynebacterium (CDC group G)| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Corynebacterium (group F)| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Corynebacterium accolens| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Corynebacterium afermentans| 0.03 ï¼ >128| 488| Corynebacterium afermentans| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Corynebacterium amycolatum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Corynebacterium amycolatum| 0.125 ï¼ >32| 29| Corynebacterium amycolatum| 0.12 ï¼ >128| 488| Corynebacterium amycolatum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >=32| 965| Corynebacterium aquaticum| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Corynebacterium aquaticum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Corynebacterium argentoratense| 0.5 ï¼ 1| 965| Corynebacterium auris| 0.12 ï¼ 2| 965| Corynebacterium coyleae| 0.125 ï¼ 1| 965| Corynebacterium diphtheriae| 0.06 ï¼ 1| 965| Corynebacterium falsenii| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum| 0.03 ï¼ 0.12| 965| Corynebacterium jeikeium| 0.5 ï¼ >4| 462| Corynebacterium jeikeium| 0.5 ï¼ >32| 29| Corynebacterium jeikeium| 1 ï¼ >=32| 965| Corynebacterium jeikeium| >32 ï¼ >32| 490| Corynebacterium jeikeium| >32 ï¼ ?| 6| Corynebacterium jeikeium| 0.12 ï¼ >128| 488| Corynebacterium macginleyi| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.12| 965| Corynebacterium minutissimum| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Corynebacterium minutissimum| 0.12 ï¼ 1| 965| Corynebacterium minutissimum| 0.12 ï¼ 32| 488| Corynebacterium minutissimum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Corynebacterium mucifaciens| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 965| Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum| â¤0.015 ï¼ 0.5| 488| Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 965| Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Corynebacterium spp.| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Corynebacterium spp.| ? ï¼ ?| 126| Corynebacterium spp.| 0.25 ï¼ >32| 123| Corynebacterium striatum| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Corynebacterium striatum| 0.25 ï¼ 4| 965| Corynebacterium striatum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Corynebacterium striatum| 0.25 ï¼ 4| 488| Corynebacterium ulcerans| 0.12 ï¼ 0.25| 965| Corynebacterium urealyticum| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Corynebacterium urealyticum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Corynebacterium urealyticum| â¤0.03 ï¼ >=32| 965| Corynebacterium urealyticum| 0.12 ï¼ >128| 488| Corynebacterium xerosis| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 490| Coryneform (CDC group I9)| 0.03 ï¼ >128| 488| Dermabacter hominis| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Dermabacter hominis| 0.12 ï¼ 8| 965| Dialister pneumosintes| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Edwardsiella hoshinae| 0.06 ï¼ 0.13| 1409| Edwardsiella ictaluri| 0.06 ï¼ 1| 1409| Edwardsiella tarda| 0.5 ï¼ 32| 1409| Eikenella corrodens| 0.25 ï¼ 2| 818| Enterobacter aerogenes| 1024 ï¼ ?| 1329| Enterobacter cloacae| >512 ï¼ ?| 773| Enterobacter cloacae (NCIM 2164)| >1000 ï¼ ?| 922| Enterococci| 0.5 ï¼ 128| 401| Enterococcus avium| 0.5 ï¼ >8| 462| Enterococcus avium| 0.12 ï¼ >32| 371| Enterococcus casseliflavus (van(C))| 0.25 ï¼ >8| 462| Enterococcus durans| 0.5 ï¼ >8| 462| Enterococcus faecalis| 0.004 ï¼ 32| 1544| Enterococcus faecalis| 0.12 ï¼ >=16| 475| Enterococcus faecalis| 1 ï¼ >32| 123| Enterococcus faecalis| 0.12 ï¼ >32| 371| Enterococcus faecalis| 28 ï¼ ?| 884| Enterococcus faecalis| 98 ï¼ ?| 1132| Enterococcus faecalis (1172 + linezolid-resistant)| 4 ï¼ ?| 192| Enterococcus faecalis (411 + linezolid-resistant)| 4 ï¼ ?| 192| Enterococcus faecalis (412 + linezolid-resistant)| 2 ï¼ ?| 192| Enterococcus faecalis (413 + linezolid-resistant)| 4 ï¼ ?| 192| Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)| 2 ï¼ ?| 401| Enterococcus faecalis (MicroScan automated panel)| â¤8 ï¼ >8| 1038| Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-resistant)| 1 ï¼ >8| 462| Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-resistant)| 2 ï¼ 32| 483| Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-resistant)| ? ï¼ ?| 36| Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible)| ? ï¼ ?| 36| Enterococcus faecium| 0.12 ï¼ >32| 371| Enterococcus faecium| 0.12 ï¼ >=16| 475| Enterococcus faecium| 0.25 ï¼ >32| 123| Enterococcus faecium| 13 ï¼ ?| 1132| Enterococcus faecium (MicroScan automated panel)| â¤8 ï¼ >8| 1038| Enterococcus faecium (Quinupristin/Dalfopristin-resistant)| 1 ï¼ 32| 483| Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin-resistant + Broth microdilution)| 32 ï¼ ?| 892| Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin-resistant)| >8 ï¼ >8| 444| Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin-resistant)| >8 ï¼ ?| 462| Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin-resistant)| ? ï¼ ?| 36| Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin-resistant)| 1 ï¼ >32| 483| Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin-susceptible)| 1 ï¼ >8| 462| Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin-susceptible)| ? ï¼ ?| 36| Enterococcus gallinarum (van(C))| 0.25 ï¼ >8| 462| Enterococcus hirae| 0.5 ï¼ >8| 462| Enterococcus hirae (CIP 5855)| 6.25 ï¼ ?| 1331| Enterococcus sp. (Uraguay)| 0.12 ï¼ 8| 1391| Enterococcus spp.| 2 ï¼ >32| 123| Enterococcus spp.| ? ï¼ ?| 126| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae| 0.06 ï¼ ?| 488| Escherichia coli| 0.004 ï¼ 32| 1544| Escherichia coli| 50 ï¼ ?| 208| Escherichia coli| 64 ï¼ ?| 164| Escherichia coli| >128 ï¼ ?| 1002| Escherichia coli| >512 ï¼ ?| 773| Escherichia coli| 1024 ï¼ ?| 1329| Escherichia coli (14 + ESBL + multidrug-resistant)| 1024 ï¼ ?| 342| Escherichia coli (20 + ESBL + multidrug-resistant)| 1024 ï¼ ?| 342| Escherichia coli (442 + Broth microdilution)| 32 ï¼ ?| 892| Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922 + Broth microdilution)| 128 ï¼ ?| 892| Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)| >8 ï¼ ?| 650| Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)| >64 ï¼ ?| 624| Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)| 128 ï¼ ?| 773| Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218)| >64 ï¼ ?| 624| Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218)| >512 ï¼ ?| 773| Escherichia coli (C921-61)| 32 ï¼ ?| 955| Escherichia coli (CIP 54127)| 50 ï¼ ?| 1331| Escherichia coli (F'lac K12 LE140)| 8 ï¼ ?| 1265| Escherichia coli (ipm 389 + Broth microdilution)| 2 ï¼ ?| 892| Escherichia coli (K-10)| 64 ï¼ ?| 955| Escherichia coli (K-12)| 64 ï¼ ?| 955| Escherichia coli (K88 + E-126)| 100 ï¼ ?| 1499| Escherichia coli (K99 + E-125)| 50 ï¼ ?| 1499| Escherichia coli (MCR106)| 1 ï¼ ?| 794| Escherichia coli (NCIM 2931)| 10 ï¼ ?| 922| Escherichia coli (O157 + ATCC 35150)| 50 ï¼ ?| 1499| Escherichia coli (O157 + ATCC 43B90)| 50 ï¼ ?| 1499| Escherichia coli (OC1555)| 220 ï¼ ?| 794| Escherichia coli (PLB3255)| 110 ï¼ ?| 794| Escherichia coli (RAM121)| 13.8 ï¼ ?| 794| Escherichia coli (RAM122)| 18.3 ï¼ ?| 794| Escherichia coli (X580)| 6.25 ï¼ ?| 1049| Eubacterium alactolyticum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Eubacterium brachy| 0.02 ï¼ 2| 29| Eubacterium brachy| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Eubacterium combesii| 0.02 ï¼ 2| 29| Eubacterium combesii| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Eubacterium contortum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Eubacterium lentum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 818| Eubacterium lentum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Eubacterium lentum (ATCC 25559)| 4 ï¼ ?| 80| Eubacterium lentum (ATCC 43055)| 0.02 ï¼ 2| 29| Eubacterium limosum| 0.02 ï¼ 2| 29| Eubacterium limosum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Eubacterium saburreum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.125| 818| Eubacterium saburreum| 0.02 ï¼ 2| 29| Eubacterium spp.| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 818| Eubacterium tenue| 0.02 ï¼ 2| 29| Eubacterium timidum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 818| Eubacterium timidum| 0.02 ï¼ 2| 29| Eubacterium yurii| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 818| Eubacterium yurii| 0.02 ï¼ 2| 29| Finegoldia magna| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 818| Finegoldia magna| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Finegoldia magna| 0.023 ï¼ 0.38| 1452| Fusobacterium| â¤0.015 ï¼ 2| 1396| Fusobacterium gonidiaformans| <=0.015 ï¼ 16| 1460| Fusobacterium mortiferum| <=0.015 ï¼ >32| 1460| Fusobacterium mortiferum| <=0.03 ï¼ >128| 1475| Fusobacterium mortiferum| 0.5 ï¼ ?| 248| Fusobacterium naviforme| <=0.015 ï¼ 16| 1460| Fusobacterium naviforme| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 818| Fusobacterium necrogenes| <=0.015 ï¼ >32| 1460| Fusobacterium necrophorum| <=0.015 ï¼ 16| 1460| Fusobacterium necrophorum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 818| Fusobacterium necrophorum| <=0.03 ï¼ >128| 1475| Fusobacterium necrophorum| 0.1 ï¼ 2.1| 1444| Fusobacterium necrophorum (ATCC 25386)| 1 ï¼ ?| 80| Fusobacterium nucleatum| <=0.015 ï¼ 16| 1460| Fusobacterium nucleatum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.125| 818| Fusobacterium nucleatum| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Fusobacterium nucleatum| <=0.03 ï¼ >128| 1475| Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 10953)| 4 ï¼ ?| 80| Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. animalis| <=0.015 ï¼ 16| 1460| Fusobacterium russii| <=0.015 ï¼ 0.06| 1460| Fusobacterium spp.| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Fusobacterium spp.| <=0.03 ï¼ >128| 1475| Fusobacterium ulcerans| <=0.015 ï¼ >32| 1460| Fusobacterium varium| 0.03 ï¼ >32| 1460| Fusobacterium varium| <=0.03 ï¼ >128| 1475| Fusobacterium varium| 0.5 ï¼ ?| 248| Gemella morbillorum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Gemella morbillorum| 0.004 ï¼ 32| 1544| Haemolytic streptococci| 0.004 ï¼ 0.06| 401| Haemophilus influenzae| 0.004 ï¼ 32| 1544| Haemophilus influenzae (ATCC 49247)| 4 ï¼ ?| 401| Haemophilus influenzae (ciprofloxacin-susceptible)| 0.25 ï¼ >4| 1467| Haemophilus influenzae (ESBL)| 8 ï¼ >8| 114| Haemophilus influenzae (ESBL)| 8 ï¼ >8| 84| Haemophilus influenzae (non-ESBL)| 0.06 ï¼ 4| 84| Haemophilus influenzae (non-ESBL)| 0.06 ï¼ 4| 114| Haemophilus parainfluenzae| 0.004 ï¼ 32| 1544| Haemophilus parasuis (Spain)| 0.12 ï¼ 16| 768| Haemophilus parasuis (UK)| 0.12 ï¼ 2| 768| Helicobacter pylori| 0.015 ï¼ 0.12| 662| Helicobacter pylori (ATCC 43579)| 0.03 ï¼ 0.06| 250| Helicobacter pylori (pH 5.5)| 0.5 ï¼ ?| 658| Helicobacter pylori (pH 6.0)| 0.5 ï¼ ?| 658| Helicobacter pylori (pH 7.5)| 0.03 ï¼ ?| 658| Hemolytic streptococci (group C)| 0.016 ï¼ 0.25| 1544| Jonesia denitrificans| 2 ï¼ ?| 827| Klebsiella aerogenes (NCIM 2098)| 500 ï¼ ?| 922| Klebsiella baumannii| >512 ï¼ ?| 773| Klebsiella pneumonia| >512 ï¼ ?| 773| Klebsiella pneumonia| 1024 ï¼ ?| 1329| Klebsiella pneumonia (425 + Broth microdilution)| 128 ï¼ ?| 892| Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 10031)| 412 ï¼ ?| 1183| Klebsiella pneumoniae| 0.004 ï¼ 32| 1544| Lactobacillus acidophilus| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Lactobacillus acidophilus| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus acidophilus| 0.125 ï¼ 4| 878| Lactobacillus acidophilus (P/N 601379 + oxgall-stressed)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus acidophilus (P/N 601379 + pH 2.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus acidophilus (P/N 601379)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus acidophilus (R052 + oxgall-stressed)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus acidophilus (R052 + pH 2.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus acidophilus (R052 + pH 4.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus acidophilus (R052)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus brevis| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Lactobacillus brevis| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus brevis| 0.125 ï¼ 32| 878| Lactobacillus bulgaricus (P/N 601383 + oxgall-stressed)| 7.8 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus bulgaricus (P/N 601383 + pH 2.0)| 15.6 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus bulgaricus (P/N 601383 + pH 4.0)| 3.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus bulgaricus (P/N 601383)| 3.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus casei| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Lactobacillus casei| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus casei| 0.125 ï¼ 128| 878| Lactobacillus casei (R0215 + oxgall-stressed)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus casei (R0215 + pH 2.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus casei (R0215 + pH 4.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus casei (R0215)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus casei (R0256 + oxgall-stressed)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus casei (R0256 + pH 2.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus casei (R0256 + pH 4.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus casei (R0256)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus catenaforme| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Lactobacillus catenaforme| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Lactobacillus catenaforme| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus confusus| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus curvatus| 0.5 ï¼ 4| 878| Lactobacillus delbrueckii| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Lactobacillus delbrueckii| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus delbrueckii| 0.125 ï¼ 16| 878| Lactobacillus fermentans| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Lactobacillus fermentum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus fermentum| 0.125 ï¼ 8| 878| Lactobacillus jensenii| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Lactobacillus jensenii| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus lactis| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus lactis (R0187 + oxgall-stressed)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus lactis (R0187 + pH 2.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus lactis (R0187 + pH 4.0)| 3.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus lactis (R0187)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus minutus| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Lactobacillus oris| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Lactobacillus oris| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Lactobacillus paracasei (P/N 601385 + oxgall-stressed)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus paracasei (P/N 601385 + pH 4.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus paracasei (P/N 601385)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Lactobacillus plantarum| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Lactobacillus plantarum| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus plantarum| 0.5 ï¼ 64| 878| Lactobacillus plantarum (P/N 601387 + oxgall-stressed)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (P/N 601387 + pH 2.0)| 15.6 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (P/N 601387 + pH 4.0)| 1.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (P/N 601387)| 1.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R0202 + oxgall-stressed)| 3.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R0202 + pH 2.0)| 3.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R0202 + pH 4.0)| 3.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R0202)| 1.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R1078 + oxgall-stressed)| 1.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R1078 + pH 2.0)| 3.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R1078 + pH 4.0)| 1.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R1078)| 1.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R1096 + oxgall-stressed)| 7.8 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R1096 + pH 2.0)| 3.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R1096 + pH 4.0)| 7.8 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus plantarum (R1096)| 1.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus reuteri| 4 ï¼ ?| 1424| Lactobacillus rhamnosus| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Lactobacillus rhamnosus| â¤0.03 ï¼ 4| 490| Lactobacillus rhamnosus| 0.125 ï¼ 128| 878| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (R0011 + oxgall-stressed)| 3.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (R0011 + pH 2.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (R0011 + pH 4.0)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (R0011)| 0.98 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (R1039 + oxgall-stressed)| 15.6 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (R1039 + pH 2.0)| 1.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (R1039 + pH 4.0)| 1.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (R1039)| 1.9 ï¼ ?| 740| Lactobacillus sakei| 0.5 ï¼ 4| 878| Lactobacillus sp.| 0.125 ï¼ 128| 878| Lactobacillus spp.| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Leptotrichia buccalis| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 818| Listeria monocytogenes| <=0.06 ï¼ 0.25| 1467| Listeria monocytogenes| 0.33 ï¼ ?| 248| Listeria monocytogenes| 30 ï¼ ?| 884| Listeria spp.| 0.06 ï¼ 0.5| 488| Listeria spp. (National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Syste)| â¤0.5 ï¼ 8| 848| Mannheimia haemolytica| 0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 1043| Microbacterium spp.| â¤0.03 ï¼ 16| 965| Micrococcus (ML6)| >40 ï¼ ?| 745| Micrococcus (ML8)| >40 ï¼ ?| 745| Micrococcus flavus (NCIM 2376)| 30 ï¼ ?| 922| Micrococcus kristinae| 1 ï¼ ?| 1183| Micrococcus luteus| 1 ï¼ ?| 1183| Micrococcus spp.| ? ï¼ ?| 126| Micromonas micros| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 818| Micromonas micros| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Moraxella catarrhalis| 0.004 ï¼ 32| 1544| Moraxella catarrhalis| â¤0.015 ï¼ >8| 114| Moraxella catarrhalis| â¤0.06 ï¼ >8| 462| Moraxella catarrhalis| <0.15 ï¼ >8| 84| Mycobacterium smegmatis (NCIM 5138)| >1000 ï¼ ?| 922| Neisseria cinerea| 0.5 ï¼ 8| 1544| Neisseria elongata| 0.5 ï¼ 8| 1544| Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GCI-182)| 128 ï¼ ?| 1322| Neisseria gonorrhoeae (WHO â ¢)| 0.063 ï¼ ?| 1322| Neisseria gonorrhoeae (WHO â ¤)| 0.5 ï¼ ?| 1322| Neisseria gonorrhoeae (WHO â ¦)| 0.016 ï¼ ?| 1322| Neisseria meningitidis| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 462| Neisseria meningitidis| <=0.06 ï¼ 0.25| 1467| Neisseria sicca| 0.5 ï¼ 8| 1544| Neisseria spp.| 0.06 ï¼ 4| 267| Neisseria spp.| 0.25 ï¼ >4| 462| Neisseria spp.| 0.5 ï¼ 8| 1544| Neisseria spp.| 0.004 ï¼ 32| 401| Nocardia asteroides| 25 ï¼ >=400| 1404| Oerskovia spp.| 0.03 ï¼ >128| 488| Oerskovia turbata| 4 ï¼ ?| 827| Oerskovia xanthineolytica| 2 ï¼ ?| 827| Olsenella uli| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Parvimonas micra| 0.016 ï¼ 0.125| 1452| Pasteurella multocida| 0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 1043| Pediococcus acidilactici (HA-6111-2)| 1 ï¼ ?| 820| Peptococcus spp.| 0.015 ï¼ 4| 248| Peptoniphilus gorbachii| 0.016 ï¼ 0.19| 1452| Peptoniphilus harei| 0.016 ï¼ 0.19| 1452| Peptoniphilus ivorii| 0.016 ï¼ 0.047| 1452| Peptoniphilus lacrimalis| 0.016 ï¼ 0.125| 1452| Peptoniphilus octavius| 0.125 ï¼ ?| 1452| Peptostreptococcus| â¤0.015 ï¼ 4| 1396| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius| 0.015 ï¼ 4| 248| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 818| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius| <=0.03 ï¼ 128| 1475| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius| 0.064 ï¼ 2| 1452| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (ATCC 27337)| 4 ï¼ ?| 80| Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus| <=0.015 ï¼ 1| 1460| Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.5| 490| Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Peptostreptococcus magnus| <=0.015 ï¼ 1| 1460| Peptostreptococcus magnus| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 490| Peptostreptococcus magnus| <=0.03 ï¼ 128| 1475| Peptostreptococcus micros| <=0.015 ï¼ 0.03| 1460| Peptostreptococcus micros| â¤0.03 ï¼ 0.25| 490| Peptostreptococcus micros| <=0.03 ï¼ 128| 1475| Peptostreptococcus prevotii| 0.03 ï¼ 0.06| 1460| Peptostreptococcus prevotii| â¤0.03 ï¼ 2| 490| Peptostreptococcus prevotii| 0.02 ï¼ 4| 29| Peptostreptococcus sp.| â¤0.25 ï¼ 0.5| 1279| Peptostreptococcus spp.| <=0.03 ï¼ 128| 1475| Pneumococci| 0.015 ï¼ 4| 401| Pneumococci (penicillin-intermediate)| 0.125 ï¼ 1| 46| Pneumococci (penicillin-susceptible)| <0.008 ï¼ 0.06| 46| Pneumococci (S10B8 + β-lactamâmacrolideâfluoroquinolone-resistant)| 2 ï¼ ?| 469| Pneumococci (S7C5 + β-lactamâmacrolideâfluoroquinolone-resistant)| 3 ï¼ ?| 469| Pneumococci (S7D7 + β-lactamâmacrolideâfluoroquinolone-resistant)| 2 ï¼ ?| 469| Pneumococci (S7E1 + β-lactamâmacrolideâfluoroquinolone-resistant)| 1.5 ï¼ ?| 469| Porphyromonas| â¤0.015 ï¼ 0.5| 1396| Porphyromonas asaccharolytica| <=0.015 ï¼ ?| 1460| Porphyromonas cangingivalis| <=0.015 ï¼ 4| 1460| Porphyromonas canoris| <=0.015 ï¼ 0.03| 1460| Porphyromonas cansulci| <=0.015 ï¼ 4| 1460| Porphyromonas circumdentaria| <=0.015 ï¼ 4| 1460| Porphyromonas endodontalis| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Porphyromonas endodontalis| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Porphyromonas gingivalis| <=0.015 ï¼ 0.06| 1460| Porphyromonas gingivalis| â¤0.03 ï¼ 1| 818| Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277)| 0.03 ï¼ ?| 80| Porphyromonas levii| <=0.015 ï¼ 4| 1460| Porphyromonas macacae| <=0.015 ï¼ 1| 1460| Prevotella bivia| 0.25 ï¼ 32| 1460| Prevotella buccae| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Prevotella buccae| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Prevotella buccae| <=0.03 ï¼ 128| 1475| Prevotella buccae| 0.06 ï¼ >32| 1460| Prevotella buccalis| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Prevotella corporis| â¤0.03 ï¼ 8| 818| Prevotella corporis| â¤0.03 ï¼ 16| 818| Prevotella dentalis| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Prevotella denticola| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Prevotella denticola| â¤0.03 ï¼ 8| 818| Prevotella denticola| â¤0.03 ï¼ 16| 818| Prevotella denticola| <=0.015 ï¼ 32| 1460| Prevotella disiens| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Prevotella heparinolytica| 0.06 ï¼ 0.25| 1460| Prevotella intermedia| 0.008 ï¼ >32| 1544| Prevotella intermedia| <=0.015 ï¼ 18| 1460| Prevotella intermedia| â¤0.03 ï¼ >32| 818| Prevotella intermedia| <=0.03 ï¼ 128| 1475| Prevotella intermedia (ATCC 25611)| 0.06 ï¼ ?| 80| Prevotella loescheii| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Prevotella loescheii| â¤0.03 ï¼ 8| 818| Prevotella loescheii| â¤0.03 ï¼ 16| 818| Prevotella loescheii| <=0.015 ï¼ 32| 1460| Prevotella melaninogenica| 0.016 ï¼ >32| 1544| Prevotella melaninogenica| â¤0.03 ï¼ 8| 818| Prevotella melaninogenica| â¤0.03 ï¼ 16| 818| Prevotella melaninogenica| <=0.015 ï¼ 32| 1460| Prevotella melaninogen |