Tiamulin Fumarate is a pleuromutilin antibiotic commonly used in antimicrobial susceptibilty testing. It is active against Gram-positive bacteria and Mycoplasma.
Tiamulin is a diterpene that is structurally similar to valnemulin. It is used to detect residues in food samples such as poultry and livestock samples as part of food safety programs and environmental analysis.
Tiamulin Fumarate is soluble in water.
| Mechanism of Action | Pleuromutilin antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the 50S bacterial ribosomal subunit and binding to peptidyl transferase, the enzyme responsible for forming peptide bonds between amino acids. |
| Spectrum | Tiamulin targets primarily Gram-positive bacteria and a few Mycoplasma species. |
| Impurity Profile | Impurity A| (3aS,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-Ethenyl-5,8-dihydroxy-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-octahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacyclo-octen-1(4H)-one (Mutilin)|6040-37-5|C20H32O3|320.5| Impurity B| 2-(Benzylsulphanyl)-N,N-diethylethanamine Hydrochloride||C13H21NS|223.38| Impurity C| 2,2'-(Disulphane-1,2-diyl)bis(N,N-diethylethanamine) Dihydrochloride||C12H30Cl2N2S2|336.12| Impurity E| (3aS,4R,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-Ethenyl-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-1,5-dioxodeca-hydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacyclo-octen-8-yl [[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]sulph|||| Impurity G| (3aS,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-Ethenyl-5-hydroxy-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-1-oxo-decahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacyclo-octen-8-yl Hydroxyacetate (Pleuomutilin)|125-65-5|C22H34O5|378.50| Impurity J| (3aS,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-Ethenyl-5-hydroxy-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-1-oxo-decahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacyclo-octen-8-yl Acetate (Mutilin 14- acetate)|||| Impurity K| (3aS,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-ethenyl-8-hydroxy-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-1-oxodecahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacycloocten-5-yl acetate (mutilin 11-acetate)|||| Impurity L| (3aS,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-ethenyl-5-hydroxy-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-1-oxodecahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacycloocten-8-yl [[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]oxy]acetate (pleuromutilin 22-tosylate|||| Impurity M| (3aS,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-ethenyl-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-1-oxodecahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacycloocten-5,8-diyl diacetate (mutilin 11,14-diacetate)|||| Impurity N| (2E)-4-[2-[[(3aS,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-ethenyl-5-hydroxy-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-1-oxodecahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacycloocten-8-yl]oxy]-2-oxoethoxy]-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid (pleuromutilin 22-fumarate)|||| Impurity O| 2-(diethylamino)ethanethiol|13242-44-9|(CH3)2NCH2CH2SH﹞HCl|141.66| Impurity P| (3aS,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-ethenyl-5-hydroxy-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-1-oxodecahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacycloocten-8-yl [(phenylsulfonyl)oxy]acetate|||| Impurity Q| (3aS,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,10R)-6-ethenyl-2,5-dihydroxy-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9-octahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacycloocten-8-yl [[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl]acetate (3,4-didehydro-2-hydroxytiamulin)|||| Impurity T| (3aS,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-ethenyl-5-hydroxy-4,6,9,10-tetramethyl-1-oxodecahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacycloocten-8-yl [[2-[[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl]ethyl]sulfanyl]acetate|||| Impurity R| N-benzyl-N,N-dibutylbutan-1-aminium|23616-79-7|C19H34ClN|311.933| Impurity S| (1RS,3aR,4R,5S,6S,8R,9R,9aR,10R)-6-ethenyl-1-ethyl-1,5-dihydroxy-4,6,9,10,12,12-hexamethyldecahydro-3a,9-propano-3aH-cyclopentacycloocten-8-yl [[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl]acetate|||| |
| Microbiology Applications |
Tiamulin Fumarate is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against Gram-positive and Mycoplasma microbial isolates. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options. Representative MIC values include:
Tiamulin identification and quantification in food sampling is achieved through techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). |
| References |
Bosling J et al (2003) Resistance to the peptidyl transferase inhibitor Tiamulin caused by mutation of ribosomal protein L3. Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother. 47(9):2892-2896 Georgaki D, Vandael F, Cardoso de Carvalho Ferreira H et al (2023) Qualitative risk assessment of homogeneity, stability, and residual concentrations of antimicrobials in medicated feed and drinking water in pig rearing. BMC Vet Res 19:9 |
| MIC | Bordetella bronchiseptica| 16 － 256|| Brachyspira hyodysenteriae| <0.016 － >128|| Brachyspira spp.| 1.25|| Clostridium difficile| 0.125 － 256|| Clostridium spiroforme| 0.12 － 128|| Escherichia coli| 0.25 － 128|| Haemophilus parasuis| 1 － 128|| Lactobacillus reuteri| 300|| Lawsonia intracellularis| 1 － 20|| Mycoplasma gallisepticum| 0.0039 － >256|| Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae| ≤0.015 － 5.8|| Mycoplasma hyorhinis| 0.024 － 5.8|| Mycoplasma hyosynoviae| 0.0025 － ≤0.25|| Mycoplasma iowae| 0.006 － 10|| Mycoplasma meleagridis| 0.025 － 3.13|| Mycoplasma synoviae | ≤0.004 － 1|| Pasteurella multocida| 1.2 － 1240|| Salmonella| 4 － 32|| Salmonella enterica| 128 － 512|| Staphylococcus aureus| 0.125 － >64|| Staphylococcus auricularis| ≤0.25 － 2|| Staphylococcus capitis| ≤0.25 － 2|| Staphylococcus epidermidis| ≤0.25 － 2|| Staphylococcus haemolyticus| ≤0.25 － 1|| Staphylococcus hominis| ≤0.25 － 2|| Staphylococcus intermedius| ≤0.25 － 1|| Staphylococcus lugdunensis| ≤0.25 － 2|| Staphylococcus pyogenes| ≤0.25|| Staphylococcus saprophyticus| ≤0.25 － 1|| Staphylococcus simulans| ≤0.25 － 2|| Staphylococcus warneri| ≤0.25 － 2|| Streptococcus equi| 128|| Streptococcus pneumonia| 4|| Treponema hyodysenteriae | 0.04 － 1|| Treponema innocens| 0.04 － 0.08|| |
